Implante de válvulas transcatéter en prótesis valvulares quirúrgicas disfuncionantes: un cambio de paradigma / Transcatheter valve implantation in dysfunctioning surgical valvular prostheses: a paradigm shift

La disfunción de las bioprótesis quirúrgicas frecuentemente ocurre en pacientes añosos, con severas comorbilidades, lo que implica un riesgo elevado frente a una nueva cirugía valvular. El implante de válvulas transcatéter dentro de bioprótesis disfuncionantes o procedimiento valve in valve (VIV), ha sido desarrollado como una nueva alternativa terapéutica para este tipo de situación. Los procedimientos VIV deben ser considerados para pacientes con disfunción protésica severa sintomática con alto riesgo quirúrgico, luego de un exhaustivo análisis individualizado por un grupo de expertos o heart team. La selección y evaluación previa de los pacientes son fundamentales para el éxito del procedimiento. La evidencia respalda más fuertemente este tipo de intervención en posición aórtica que en posición mitral. En esta revisión analizamos brevemente las indicaciones, la evaluación previa de los pacientes, los aspectos relevantes del procedimiento y sus complicaciones eventuales, con especial énfasis en el procedimiento VIV mitral, que ha sido motivo de dos recientes reportes de casos en esta revista.

Bioprosthetic surgical valve dysfunction occurs frequently in elderly patients with severe comorbidities, which implies a high surgical risk in case of redo valve surgery. Transcatheter valve implantation within a surgical bioprosthesis, so-called valve in valve procedure (VIV), has been developed as new treatment option for this situation. VIV procedures should be considered in patients with severely symptomatic prosthetic valve dysfunction with high surgical risk, after careful heart team evaluation. Patient selection and pre-procedural evaluation are mainstay for procedural success. Current evidence has stronger support for VIV procedure in aortic than in mitral position. In this review, we briefly analyze VIV procedure indications, patient evaluation, as well as relevant aspects of the procedure itself and its most frequent complications. Special emphasis will be given for VIV in mitral position which has been the focus of two recent case reports in this journal.

Microscopic analysis of an opacified OFT CRYL® hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens / Análise microscópica de uma lente intraocular acrílica hidrofílica OFT CRYL® opacificada

ABSTRACT A 51-year-old patient underwent posterior vitrectomy with perfluoropropane gas injection, phacoemulsification, and implantation of an Oft Cryl® hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) because of traumatic retinal detachment and cataract in the right eye. On the first postoperative day, gas was filling the anterior chamber because of patient's non-compliance in terms of head positioning, and was reabsorbed within one week. Eight months later, the patient returned complaining of a significant decrease in vision. IOL opacification was noticed by slit-lamp examination. The lens was explanted to undergo gross and light microscopic analysis. The lens was also stained with the alizarin red method for calcium identification. Light microscopic analysis confirmed the presence of granular deposits, densely distributed in an overall circular pattern in the central part of the lens optic. The granules stained positive for calcium. This is the first case of the opacification of this type of hydrophilic lens. Surgeons should be aware of this potential postoperative complication, and the use of hydrophilic IOLs should be avoided in procedures involving intracameral gas because of the risk of IOL opacification.

RESUMO Uma paciente de 51 anos foi submetida à vitrectomia posterior com injeção de gás perfluoropropano, facoemulsificação e implante de lente intraocular (LIO) acrílica hidrofílica Oft cryl® devido a descolamento traumático da retina e catarata. No primeiro dia pós-operatório, o gás estava ocupando a câmara anterior pois a paciente não manteve o decúbito ventral restrito, tendo sido absorvido ao longo de uma semana. Oito meses depois, a paciente retornou com baixa da acuidade visual. Ao exame foi evidenciado opacificação da lente intraocular. A lente foi explantada e submetida à análise macroscópica e sob microscopia óptica. Também, foi corada pelo método de vermelho de alizarina, que identifica cálcio. A análise sob microscopia óptica evidenciou depósitos granulares, densamente distribuídos em padrão circular na parte central da óptica da lente intraocular, que coraram positivo para cálcio. Esse é o primeiro relato de opacificação dessa lente hidrofílica. Os cirurgiões devem estar atentos para esta potencial complicação pós-operatória.

Optic Fracture of the Preloaded Intraocular Lens during Insertion

No abstract available.

The Result of Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Metallosis Following a Catastrophic Failure of a Polyethylene Liner

BACKGROUND: Wear cannot be completely prevented after total hip arthroplasty. If severe polyethylene (PE) liner wear develops, the so-called catastrophic failure occurs and metallosis develops. We postulated that longevity of the new implant may be affected after revision surgery for metallosis following a catastrophic failure of a PE liner due to the substantial amount of PE wear particles and infiltration of the metal particles in this catastrophic condition. METHODS: Twenty-three hips of 23 patients were identified because they showed metallosis during revision total hip arthroplasties performed in Seoul National University Hospital between January 1996 and August 2004. They were followed for at least 6.5 years after the index revision total hip arthroplasty. The clinical and radiological results of revision total hip arthroplasties in these patients were evaluated. RESULTS: The median Harris hip score increased from 60 points before revision total hip arthroplasties to 90 points at the final follow-up. Osteolysis was detected at an average of 9.3 years after revision total hip arthroplasties in 13 hips and acetabular cup loosening at average 9.8 years after revision total hip arthroplasties in 9 hips. With radiographic evidence of osteolysis and loosening as the end points, the 15-year survival rates were 28.2% and 56.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The survival rate of revision total hip arthroplasty in patients with metallosis following a catastrophic failure of a PE liner was low.

Disfunção do homoenxerto pulmonar utilizado na reconstrução do trato de saída do ventrículo direito / Dysfunction of the pulmonary homograft used in the reconstruction of the right ventricle exit tract / Disfunción del homoinjerto pulmonar utilizado en la reconstrucción del tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho

FUNDAMENTO: O homoenxerto pulmonar tem sido utilizado como uma opção na correção de cardiopatia congênita com obstrução da via de saída do ventrículo direito. Os resultados em longo prazo, no entanto, mostram-se pouco satisfatórios. OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores de risco associados à disfunção e à falência do homoenxerto pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Estudo em crianças submetidas à ampliação da via de saída do ventrículo direito com homoenxerto pulmonar. As variáveis clínicas, cirúrgicas, evolutivas e de aspectos morfológicos da prótese foram analisadas como fatores de risco. RESULTADOS: A amostra final de 75 pacientes com idade mediana na cirurgia de 22 meses, variando de 1-157 meses, apresentou 13 pacientes (17,0 por cento) que desenvolveram disfunção do homoenxerto, caracterizado por estenose ou insuficiência pulmonar grave. O tempo de ocorrência entre o implante do homoenxerto e a detecção da disfunção foi de 45 ± 20 meses. Quando o tamanho do homoenxerto foi menor de 21 mm e o escore Z da valva pulmonar foi menor do que zero, ou maior do que três, foram considerados fatores de risco para a ocorrência de disfunção. CONCLUSÃO: O homoenxerto pulmonar de tamanho menor do que 21 mm e a valva pulmonar inadequada para idade e peso do paciente são fatores determinantes para disfunção da prótese.

BACKGROUND: The pulmonary homograft has been used as an option in the correction of congenital cardiopathy with obstruction of the right ventricle exit tract. The long term results, however, are little satisfactory. OBJECTIVE: Identify the risk factors associated to the dysfunction and the pulmonary homograft failure. METHODS: Study with children submitted to the enlargement of the exit tract of the right ventricle with pulmonary homograft. The clinical, surgical, evolutional and morphological aspects of the prosthesis variables were analyzed as risk factors. RESULTS: The final sample of 75 patients with median age at the surgery of 22 months, varying from 1-157 months, presented 13 patients (17.0 percent) who developed dysfunction of the homograft, characterized by stenosis or severe pulmonary insufficiency. The occurrence time between the homograft implant and the detection of the dysfunction was of 45 ± 20 months. When the size of the homograft was smaller than 21 mm and the Z score of the pulmonary valva is lower than zero, or higher than three, the risk factors were considered for the dysfunction occurrence. CONCLUSION: The pulmonary homograft smaller than 21 mm and the inadequate pulmonary valva for the age and weight of the patient are determining factors for the prosthesis dysfunction.

FUNDAMENTO: El homoinjerto pulmonar ha sido utilizado como una opción en la corrección de cardiopatía congénita con obstrucción de la vía de salida del ventrículo derecho. Los resultados a largo plazo, mientras tanto, se muestran poco satisfactorios. OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a la disfunción y a la falla del homoinjerto pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Estudio en niños sometidos a la ampliación de la vía de salida del ventrículo derecho con homoinjerto pulmonar. Las variables clínicas, quirúrgicas, evolutivas y de aspectos morfológicos de la prótesis fueron analizadas como factores de riesgo. RESULTADOS: La muestra final de 75 pacientes con edad mediana en la cirugía de 22 meses, variando de 1-157 meses, presentó 13 pacientes (17,0 por ciento) que desarrollaron disfunción del homoinjerto, caracterizado por estenosis o insuficiencia pulmonar grave. El tiempo de ocurrencia entre el implante del homoinjerto y la detección de la disfunción fue de 45 ± 20 meses. Cuando el tamaño del homoinjerto fue menor de 21 mm y el escore Z de la válvula pulmonar fue menor que cero, o mayor que tres, fueron considerados factores de riesgo para la ocurrencia de disfunción. CONCLUSIÓN: El homoinjerto pulmonar de tamaño menor que 21 mm y la válvula pulmonar inadecuada para edad y peso del paciente son factores determinantes para disfunción de la prótesis.